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NAD+ references

The full reading list, from enzyme structures to human trials.

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Human trials to open first

For the central human-ageing question, The clinical review by Vinten and colleagues. It places blood measurements alongside the limited functional results and the scarcity of tissue-specific data.

For a close look at an individual experiment, there is the muscle insulin-sensitivity trial, the NR blood study or the long-COVID placebo comparison. They ask markedly different questions. The enzyme-structure paper is a particularly satisfying detour into how NR can enter the chemistry.

The complete citations follow, including the animal and laboratory work discussed on the site.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Hou Y, Wei Y, Lautrup S, et al. NAD+ supplementation reduces neuroinflammation and cell senescence in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via cGAS-STING. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118(37):e2011226118. ↗
  7. Grant R, et al. Intravenous Administration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Improves Cognitive Performance in Human Subjects: Implications for Clinical Populations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;102(10):e84-e85. ↗
  8. Pérez MJ, Baden P, Deleidi M. Progresses in both basic research and clinical trials of NAD+ in Parkinson's disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 2021;197:111499. ↗
  9. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD+ biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. ↗
  10. Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD+ salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. ↗
  11. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  12. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗
  13. Bohr VA. Promising Results With NAD Supplementation in Rare Diseases With Premature Aging and DNA Damage. Aging Cell. 2026;e70319. ↗
  14. Wu CY, et al. Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID: a randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;103633. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗